About This Database » Expert Survey Evidence » Evidence from Expert Survey Organized by Focus of the Issue
Evidence from Expert Survey Organized by Focus
- Overview
This page lists the issues identified in our study order of focus of the issue. Each issue is linked to a page containing its complete issue statement and the evidence related to it found in the analysis of our flight deck automation expert survey.
Automation-Centered Issues
development process
Issues related to the design and testing of automation.
| operational knowledge may be
lacking in design process (issue121) |
EVIDENCE |
| cultural differences may not be
considered (issue165) |
EVIDENCE |
| function allocation may be
difficult (issue117) |
EVIDENCE |
| failure modes may be unanticipated
by designers (issue024) |
EVIDENCE |
| testing may be inadequate
(issue115) |
EVIDENCE |
functionality
Issues related to the set of functions automation can perform and how those functions are
performed.
| automation may not work well under
unusual conditions (issue150) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation requirements may
conflict (issue160) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation may lack reasonable
functionality (issue109) |
EVIDENCE |
| workarounds may be necessary
(issue107) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation performance may be
limited (issue126) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation may use different
control strategies than pilots (issue122) |
EVIDENCE |
| database may be erroneous or
incomplete (issue110) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation integration may be poor
(issue011) |
EVIDENCE |
complexity
Issues related to the structural and functional complexity of automation, including number
of modes, number of ways of performing a function with it, and the complexity of
procedures for using it.
| automation may be too complex
(issue040) |
EVIDENCE |
| complex automation may have overly
simplistic interface (issue128) |
EVIDENCE |
| data entry and programming may be
difficult and time consuming (issue112) |
EVIDENCE |
levels of automation
Issues related to the extent to which flight deck functions are performed by machines and
how pilots use different levels of automation available to them.
| automation level decisions may be
difficult (issue103) |
EVIDENCE |
| protections may be lost though
pilots continue to rely on them (issue015) |
EVIDENCE |
| manual operation may be difficult
after transition from automated control (issue055) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation use may slow pilot
responses (issue161) |
EVIDENCE |
automation failure
Issues related to the nature and consequences of automation failures and how pilots
respond to and cope with them.
| failure modes may be unanticipated
by designers (issue024) |
EVIDENCE |
| failure assessment may be difficult
(issue025) |
EVIDENCE |
| failure recovery may be difficult
(issue023) |
EVIDENCE |
standardization
Issues related to standardization of automation function, pilot/automation interface, and.
operating procedures
| standardization may be lacking
(issue138) |
EVIDENCE |
| similarity may be superficial
(issue149) |
EVIDENCE |
| software versions may proliferate
(issue134) |
EVIDENCE |
other automation-centered issues
Other issues related to automation itself.
| automation information in manuals
may be inadequate (issue140) |
EVIDENCE |
Pilot/Automation Interaction-Centered Issues
human-centered design
Issues related to the degree to which human characteristics, capabilities, limitations,
and preferences are taken into account in automation design.
| human-centered design philosophy
may be lacking (issue100) |
EVIDENCE |
| cultural differences may not be
considered (issue165) |
EVIDENCE |
pilot/automation responsibility and authority
Issues related to the relative levels of responsibility and authority that pilots and
automation have.
| pilots have responsibility but may
lack authority (issue012) |
EVIDENCE |
| mode transitions may be uncommanded
(issue044) |
EVIDENCE |
| communication between computers may
be unsupervised (issue022) |
EVIDENCE |
pilot/automation interface
Issues relating to automation displays and controls and how they are arranged on the
flight deck.
| interface may be poorly designed
(issue039) |
EVIDENCE |
| displays (visual and aural) may be
poorly designed (issue092) |
EVIDENCE |
| information integration may be
required (issue009) |
EVIDENCE |
| data access may be difficult
(issue047) |
EVIDENCE |
| information overload may exist
(issue014) |
EVIDENCE |
| information processing load may be
increased (issue119) |
EVIDENCE |
| insufficient information may be
displayed (issue099) |
EVIDENCE |
| data presentation may be too
abstract (issue087) |
EVIDENCE |
| behavior of automation may not be
apparent (issue083) |
EVIDENCE |
| data entry and programming may be
difficult and time consuming (issue112) |
EVIDENCE |
| controls of automation may be
poorly designed (issue037) |
EVIDENCE |
| data re-entry may be required
(issue049) |
EVIDENCE |
| data entry errors on keyboards may
occur (issue071) |
EVIDENCE |
| inadvertent autopilot disengagement
may be too easy (issue123) |
EVIDENCE |
Pilot-Centered Issues
pilot role
Issues related to the role of pilots in the automated aircraft and the tasks they perform.
| human-centered design philosophy
may be lacking (issue100) |
EVIDENCE |
| pilot's role may be changed
(issue144) |
EVIDENCE |
| job satisfaction may be reduced
(issue013) |
EVIDENCE |
| new tasks and errors may exist
(issue089) |
EVIDENCE |
| non-automated pilot tasks may not
be integrated (issue153) |
EVIDENCE |
| monitoring requirements may be
excessive (issue005) |
EVIDENCE |
understanding of automation
Issues related to how well pilots understand the structure and function of automation.
| understanding of automation may be
inadequate (issue105) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation may be too complex
(issue040) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation behavior may be
unexpected and unexplained (issue108) |
EVIDENCE |
skill
Issues related to pilots' skills.
| manual skills may not be acquired
(issue007) |
EVIDENCE |
| manual skills may be lost
(issue065) |
EVIDENCE |
| scan pattern may change (issue038) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation skills may be lost
(issue137) |
EVIDENCE |
| transitioning between aircraft may
increase errors (issue130) |
EVIDENCE |
performance
Issues related to how well pilots perform tasks and to pilot error.
| data entry errors on keyboards may
occur (issue071) |
EVIDENCE |
| new tasks and errors may exist
(issue089) |
EVIDENCE |
| transitioning between aircraft may
increase errors (issue130) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation use may slow pilot
responses (issue161) |
EVIDENCE |
| mode selection may be incorrect
(issue145) |
EVIDENCE |
confidence
Issues related to the confidence pilots have in automation and in themselves.
| pilots may lack confidence in
automation (issue046) |
EVIDENCE |
| false alarms may be frequent
(issue070) |
EVIDENCE |
| pilots may be overconfident in
automation (issue131) |
EVIDENCE |
| pilots may be reluctant to assume
control (issue026) |
EVIDENCE |
use of automation
Issues related to decisions about when to use automation, when to not use it, and to what
extent to use it.
| pilots may over-rely on automation
(issue106) |
EVIDENCE |
| pilots may under-rely on automation
(issue146) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation level decisions may be
difficult (issue103) |
EVIDENCE |
| procedures may assume automation
(issue151) |
EVIDENCE |
situation awareness
Issues related to pilots' awareness of the present and future state of the aircraft and
its environment.
| situation awareness may be reduced
(issue114) |
EVIDENCE |
| pilots may be out of the loop
(issue002) |
EVIDENCE |
| state prediction may be lacking
(issue152) |
EVIDENCE |
automation awareness
Issues related to the mode and behavior of the automation, including its current state,
what it is doing now and what it will do in the future.
| mode awareness may be lacking
(issue095) |
EVIDENCE |
| behavior of automation may not be
apparent (issue083) |
EVIDENCE |
| mode transitions may be uncommanded
(issue044) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation behavior may be
unexpected and unexplained (issue108) |
EVIDENCE |
| vertical profile visualization may
be difficult (issue053) |
EVIDENCE |
| communication between computers may
be unsupervised (issue022) |
EVIDENCE |
attention
Issues related to pilots' focus of attention to -- what they are devoting conscious
thought and action to.
| automation may demand attention
(issue102) |
EVIDENCE |
| monitoring requirements may be
excessive (issue005) |
EVIDENCE |
| both pilots' attention
simultaneously diverted by programming (issue075) |
EVIDENCE |
| pilots may be out of the loop
(issue002) |
EVIDENCE |
workload
Issues related to how automation affects pilot workload, both mental and physical.
| automation may adversely affect
pilot workload (issue079) |
EVIDENCE |
| fatigue may be induced (issue156) |
EVIDENCE |
| information processing load may be
increased (issue119) |
EVIDENCE |
| planning requirements may be
increased (issue158) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation may lack reasonable
functionality (issue109) |
EVIDENCE |
| data entry and programming may be
difficult and time consuming (issue112) |
EVIDENCE |
other pilot-centered issues
Other issues related to the pilots.
| older pilots may be less accepting
of automation (issue132) |
EVIDENCE |
| cultural differences may not be
considered (issue165) |
EVIDENCE |
Crew-Centered Issues
crew coordination
Issues related to how automation affects flightcrew interaction.
| crew coordination problems may
occur (issue084) |
EVIDENCE |
| cross checking may be difficult
(issue072) |
EVIDENCE |
| pilot control authority may be
diffused (issue104) |
EVIDENCE |
| inter-pilot communication may be
reduced (issue139) |
EVIDENCE |
| both pilots' attention
simultaneously diverted by programming (issue075) |
EVIDENCE |
| crew assignment may be
inappropriate (issue142) |
EVIDENCE |
Automated Aircraft/ATC Interaction-Centered Issues
ATC conflicts
Issues related to incompatibilities between the automated aircraft and air traffic
control.
| flightdeck automation may be
incompatible with ATC system (issue082) |
EVIDENCE |
other automated aircraft/ATC interaction-centered issues
Other issues related to the interaction of the automated aircraft with the air traffic
system.
| traffic coordination requirements
may increase (issue148) |
EVIDENCE |
Organization-Centered Issues
company automation philosophies, policies , and procedures
Issues related to airlines' philosophies about acquiring and using automation and the
policies and procedures they adopt for its use.
| commercial incentives may dominate
(issue127) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation use philosophy may be
lacking (issue101) |
EVIDENCE |
| procedures may assume automation
(issue151) |
EVIDENCE |
| pilots may not be involved in
equipment selection (issue141) |
EVIDENCE |
| crew assignment may be
inappropriate (issue142) |
EVIDENCE |
pilot selection, training, and evaluation
Issues related to the airlines' selection, training, and evaluation of pilots.
| pilot selection may be more
difficult (issue136) |
EVIDENCE |
| deficiencies in basic aircraft
training may exist (issue063) |
EVIDENCE |
| training may be inadequate
(issue133) |
EVIDENCE |
| instructor training requirements
may be inadequate (issue143) |
EVIDENCE |
| transitioning between aircraft may
increase training requirements (issue129) |
EVIDENCE |
| automation may be over-emphasized
in pilot evaluation (issue116) |
EVIDENCE |
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